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1965 Moroccan riots
The 1965 Moroccan riots were street riots in the cities of Morocco, originating in Casablanca on March 1965. They began with a student protest, which expanded to include marginalized members of the population. The number of casualties incurred is contested. Moroccan authorities reported a dozen deaths, whereas the foreign press and the ''Union nationale des forces populaires'' (UNFP) counted more than 1000 deaths.〔Par Omar Brouksy, "(Que s'est-il vraiment passé le 23 mars 1965? )", ''Jeune Afrique'', 21 March 2005. (Archived ).〕
== Background ==
Hassan II became King of Morocco upon the death of Mohammed V on February 26, 1961. In December 1962, his appointees drafted a constitution which kept political power in the hands of the monarchy. Hassan II also abandoned the foreign policy of nonalignment and proclaimed hostility towards the newly independent, newly socialist nation of Algeria—resulting in the 1963–1964 "Sand War".〔Miller, ''A History of Modern Morocco'' (2013), pp. 162–166.〕
The ''Union nationale des forces populaires'', under the leadership of Mehdi Ben Barka, expanded its membership and overtly opposed Hassan II. An allied student group, the ''Union nationale des étudiants du Maroc'' (UNEP)—which formed as a nationalist, anti-colonial group—now prominently criticized the monarchy.〔〔Parker & Boum, ''Historical Dictionary of Morocco'' (2006), p. 344.〕 These groups and the regime launched into an escalating cycle of protest and repression which created the conditions for a major confrontation.〔Parker & Boum, ''Historical Dictionary of Morocco'' (2006), p. 213.〕 Eleven UNFP leaders, accused of plotting against the king, were sentenced to death. Ben Barka escaped to France, where he served as a symbolic opposition leader in exile.〔Miller, ''A History of Modern Morocco'' (2013), pp. 166–167.〕
Before March 1965, the national minister of education, Youssef Belabbès, originated a circular preventing youth above the age of 17 from attending in the second cycle of ''lycee'' (high school). In practice, this rule separated out 60% of students. Although at that time, the Baccalauréat concerned only a small few (1500 per year), for the others it became a rallying symbol which set off the student mobilization.〔Rollinde, ''Le Mouvement marocain des droits de l'Homme'' (2003), p. 122.〕 This decision provoked student unrest in Casablanca, Rabat, and other cities.〔
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